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Although cryptography, secret writing, can be traced back more than 5000 years, to the Egyptians, who used hieroglyphics to conceal messages, the first known example of a cryptographic device was one used by the Spartans in about 400 BC. Military cryptographers there wrapped a strip of papyrus around a wooden rod. The message was encoded by being written lengthwise down (or up) the rod on the wrapped material. Then, the material was unwrapped for transport to the recipient. In its unwrapped form, the writing appeared to be random characters. When the material was rewound on a rod of the same diameter and length the message could be deciphered. Around 50 BC, Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar of Rome used a substitution cipher to transmit messages to Marcus Tullius Cicero. In this cipher, letters of the alphabet were substituted for other letters of the same alphabet. Since only

Investment bankers were not included, only those who actually dealt in securities in the organized secondary markets The bill was introduced in both houses and became known as the Fletcher-Rayburn bill The member of the House supporting it was Sam Rayburn, a Democrat from Texas, who was a lawyer first elected to the House in 1913 Pecora noted that the NYSE had already brought a barrage of its own public relations to bear against legislation and stated that he looked forward to taking Whitney s testimony about the new bill I will have an opportunity to test propaganda with facts.

and, by substituting the variable = (t t ),

2 4 2 3 ( k2 ai ) + [ k2 ai2 2 + k2 ai 4 ] i 2 ( k2 ai )3 2 2 3 k2 ai 1) + 1 (

Listing 5.6 (continued)

In addition, implicit in any LP formulation are the constraints that restrict A and B to be nonnegative, i.e.,

6

(6.154)

Watch Out!

In spite of its simplicity, conventional energy detectors as implemented in beroptic channels perform poorly [49]. This is one of the reasons why energy detectors have not been heavily considered for UWB applications. However, the performance can be improved with a careful receiver design. One of the improvements would be in averaging the received signal before the square device to reduce the noise effect (i.e., improve the signal-to-noise-ratio). The averaging algorithm can be implemented using a single delay line with variable pulse-to-pulse duration or using multiple delay lines using xed pulse-to-pulse durations. Similarly, averaging can be done using digital samples if the sampling is employed before the square device. However, this will increase the sampling rate and ADC requirements. Averaging improves the performance signi cantly, as it reduces the noise effect. Another improvement is in nding an accurate and simple threshold estimation technique for OOK modulation. The choice of the threshold plays an extremely important role in the performance of the receiver. The conventional receivers assume a xed threshold for decision-making. However, the radio channel and noise statistics vary signi cantly, suggesting the use of an adaptive threshold that depends on the variation of the signal power and noise power. Similar to TR and differential detector, the integration interval can also be adapted depending on the maximum excess delay of the channel [50]. Choosing an integration interval that sacri ces the insigni cant multipath components in order to decrease the collected noise energy will improve the performance [36, 46]. Therefore, an optimal integration interval that minimizes the BER exists, and depends on the channel statistics and the noise variance. Figure 7.8 shows the

Formalize the nature of knowledge representation logically, or develop a formalism based on logic for the representation and expression of knowledge. Provide for sound, tractable reasoning methods founded on a firm theoretical and logical basis.

sand, cement, and water (correspondingly, by waves w1, w2, and w3), with a subsequent collecting and adding them to each other to produce concrete and store it in a remote variable Nconcrete (reached by wave w4), will be legal in WAVE-WP.

FIGURE 5.22 System utilization with C = 10. (From [7]